Financial analysis of an airline company - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5402 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Level High school Did you like this example? Fictional airline Company Tryanair Glossary Executive Summary Conclusion Appendix Bibliography Executive Summary The issues facing Tryanair in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s highly competitive industry environment represent serious competitive facets impacting the battle for customers in the face of fierce competition, operating costs and security concerns. It includes new aspects that have been bubbling just below the surface and have come to the forefront which must be addressed to turn disadvantages into advantages. The company has recently come under pressure from the major carriers utilizing the legal system to contest its arrangements with smaller airports, as well as the growing pressures to levy a tax in response to environmental issues regarding the increased level of CO2 emissions and the elimination of short haul flights. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Financial analysis of an airline company" essay for you Create order The preceding, is in addition to the highly competitive state of the industry, represent areas that need to be addressed as part of a Public Relations Campaign that is in consort with broader business related strategies and policies. Since the company is engaged in the business of the transport of customers, public opinion represents an important part of the our image, and as such can be utilized to help mitigate the potential impact of the foregoing as well as aid in garnering support from opposition groups, the general public and the media through the utilization of a coordinated Public Relations Campaign to bring Tryanair into contact with: varied environmental groups, community groups, local authorities The foregoing Campaign will be developed with the understanding that its implementation will also have to be mindful as well as adhere to the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s corporate social responsibility mandates, as well as the interests of our stakeholders and shareholders. A pro-active stance on these issues is important to bring the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s side of these issues into the public arena to not only balance the facts, but the arguments as well for these measures which is presenting facets from their perspective. In keeping with the aforementioned, varied studies and passenger feed back has alerted the P.R. Department that the following are issues as well: The charging of fees to wheelchair passengers Customer handling procedures after flight cancellations Flight schedule changes whereby our passengers are not properly informed or compensated when applicable Practices of some competitors in providing better customer relations while charging marginally higher fare rates Rather than view the preceding as disadvantages, the view of the Public Relations Department is that these areas represent areas of opportunity which can be utilized to enhance Tryanairà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s image and well as mitigate the potential for negative legislation and other proposals. What is called for are Public Relations measures that coordinate with the overall strategic plans for the company to achieve growth as well as solidify its position within the industry for the future. These aspects call for a forward looking approach that build upon itself. The P.R. Department has been provided with a budget of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬100,000, which excludes internal staff costs, to develop and implement an effective campaign to mitigate the negative potentials of the foregoing. This document shall detail the Departmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s plan to achieve that result. The Public Relations Department has prepared a campaign to address the indicated issues within the contexts as outli ned in the Executive Summary, and will expound upon them in this segment to provide background information which has been utilized to design said campaign. To re-cap again, these areas are: The proposal to levy an Emissions Tax concerning environmental issues To eliminate aspects of beneficial arrangements at smaller airports The elimination of Short Haul Flights The charging of fees to wheelchair passengers Customer handling procedures after flight cancellations Flight schedule changes whereby our passengers are not properly informed or compensated when applicable Practices of some competitors in providing better customer relations while charging marginally higher fare rates The approach to these areas has been formulated utilizing an analysis of our competitors to assess the present day factors to consider in the adoption of a comprehensive as well as effective methodology. The preceding has been crafted with the consideration that it is the objective of Tryanair to become the industry leader in terms of passenger traffic by our twentieth anniversary in 2012. Said Campaign will establish foundational strengths from which successive Public Relations plans can be built upon to assist the company in the attainment of that objective. In order to arrive at that goal, the Public Relations Department conducted a competitive analysis in order to provide a clear picture of the environment Tryanair operates in, as well as where we stand in relationship to the industry. Competitive Analysis Through the utilization of a SWOT (Grant, 2005, p. 13) and PEST Analysis (Williamson et al, 2003 , pp. 85-86), in conjunction with Porterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Five Forces (Christensen et al, 2004, pp. 30-49), we were able to determine the following: SWOT Analysis Strengths Tryanair does not have any significant or distinct competitive strengths that are not already present within the industry in some form or another. Easyjet, and Ryanair both operate within our industry segment as United Kingdom based carriers, offering similar fares, routes, and services. Weaknesses The weakness that Tryanair has in the market is that Easyjet and Ryanair are both established for a longer period and have larger financial resources as well as more destinations they fly to. And while Tryanair also faces competition from other domestically based budget and discount carriers, their relative newness to the market is basically on a par with our own. The negative publicity the company has received concerning our charging a fee to wheelchair bound passengers, as well as some of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s practices with canceled and delayed flights are areas that have impacted our public image and need to be addressed. Ryanair represents more direct competition than easyJet as Ryanair flies to the same airports, secondary, to control costs (Edgar, 2006). EasyJetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s business model emphasizes the business and leisure class segment (easyJet.com, 2003). There are approximately fifty carriers operating in our segment of the industry (Wikitravel, 2006). Opportunities As is the case with all of our competitors, opportunities exist in the expansion to foreign destinations, as well as the adoption of a more progressive à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"frequent flier programà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ patterns after Southwest Airlines, which is termed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Rapid Rewardsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Southwest Airline, 2006). Ryanairà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (2006) internet web site does not indicate they have such a program, frequent flier, nor does easyJet (2006). Industry airline travel growth forecasts indicate a rise in passenger traffic to 125 million individuals by 2015 (Britt, 2003). Threats The potential threats facing Tryanair are the entry into the market of more discount and budget based airlines, particularly from the major carriers who have the financial resources as well as administrative and industry connections to delve into the low fare battle. The threat of entry by a new carrier is also a possibility, however Tryanairà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s established operations provide an edge in that these type of circumstance. PEST Analysis Political Factors The governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s proposal under the Civil Aviation Bill (Department for Transport, 2005) proposes that airports be provided with the powers to set charges to carriers based upon emissions, supported by the Secretary of State. The preceding represents the most pressing of legislation Tryanair and the industry is faced with. The other political legislation and or issues active at present represent aircraft noise, contributions to the Aviation Health Unit, and route licensing cases. Economic Factors Fuel represents the major expenditure in the industry, representing 15% to 40% of operating costs (Ray, 2005) with oil prices spiraling, and thus cutting into operating margins, the prospect of additional charges, such as the emissions levy, would force Tryanair as well as other carriers to raise fares to offset the expense. Economic forecasts do not indicate a recession or other event in the future, however, the costs associated with security are an additional cost since September 11th. Social Factors The airlineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s external image with the public has undertaken a negative turn with the publicizing of the feeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s we charge wheelchair passengers, as well as the policies regarding flight cancellations, delays and schedule changes. The state of our customer relations is behind our two main competitors, easyJet and Ryanair. Technological Factors In this category Tryanair ranks on an equal footing with our rivals in airframe age, check in procedures, IT structure, ticketing and other external as well as internal functions. Porterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Five Forces Supplier Power The area where Tryanair could potentially suffer in the future is in airport arrangements for expansion of services as well as current destinations as a result of closer governmental scrutiny over subsidies and emissions policies. Our internal suppliers of various services, and equipment do not represent any threat to operations as there are numerous suitable replacement choices. Barriers to Entry Given the high costs of equipment and logistical factors as well as the tight operating margins and high number of carriers in the industry, the barriers to entry for completely new carriers are high and should remain so over the foreseeable future. However, such costs are within the financial capabilities of major carriers who have the planes, staffing and administrative systems. The potential for additional entrants from that quarter are relatively mild to high as a result of the industry market shares the discount and budget airlines are achieving. Threat of Substitutes The threat of substitutes is relatively high from full service carriers seeking entry into the discount / budget segment of the market as a result of the high traffic patterns and yearly increases in revenue miles. As price represents the key reason most customer select one carrier over another the levels of competition leave little distinction between each other in customer minds (Appendix 1, AvantGo, 2003) (Appendix 2, Wessels, 2004, p. 9). Buyer Power Buyer power is high in that they have the option to select a carrier in this segment, discount/budget, based upon offers available and price (Appendix 2, Wessels, 2004, p.9). Rivalry The competition in the discount/budget segment of the market is intense as it is based upon price with little brand loyalty. Campaign Recommendations The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Competitive Analysisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ has pointed out some areas of potential opportunity open to Tryanair, based upon a Public Relations campaign in consort with internal strategic plans to aggressively attack the following areas: Emissions Levy Small Airports Wheelchair passengers Changes in flight schedules Flight delays and cancellations Customer Service The following summarizes the key issues and components of these areas: Emissions Levy The European Unionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by an eight percent in keeping with the Kyoto Protocol commitment period of 2008 through 2012 affects the United Kingdom and the airline industry in that all member states must adopt a National Allocation Plan (defra, 2006). The Emissions Trading Scheme represents the U.K.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s plan to control emissions by setting limits by industry (airapparent, 2006). In consort with the public and national clamor over emissions, the following groups represent areas that will be targeted for P.R. activities through direct communications as well as information dissemination; Friends of the Earth This organization states that the United Kingdom generates 2.3% of the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s CO2 (Friends of the Earth, 2006) and supports airline payment per flight to pay for emissions controls as well as a reduction in flights. AirApparent, represents an organization of concerned citizens that opposes the Emissions Trading Scheme fearing that the airline industry will take a disproportionate share of the allocation in emissions reductions achieved by other industries (airapparent, 2006). National Society for Clean Air This organization advocates the taxation of airline flights (National Society for Clean Air, 2006). Green Skies This organization is an information network representing environmental organizations and welds considerable influence on a national scale (GreenSkies, 2006). Assistance with the preceding will be cultivated through meetings and associations with private as well as governmental groups and associations to broaden the exposure of campaign parameters as well as gain support for our approach. Forum for the Future This organization is a charity working in conjunction with the public sector, business and other groups to accomplish the objective of building a sustainable future (form for the future, 2006). Local Authorities / Regional Airports These represent the regional airports Tryanair utilizes which are under fire from environmental groups as well as the government regarding the possible use of emission levies and reduced traffic. The last issue they share in common with the airline industry as the new flight traffic has increased their revenues and local business as a result of the additional passengers. These airports are also under fire regarding noise emissions, as well as additional road traffic in their locales, the following Table shows their growth record over a three year period: Table 1 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Regional Airports (BBC News, 2003) Airport Growth Bournemouth 63.6% London City 59.9% Southend 50% Kent International 50% Luton 33.6% Inverness 33% Wheelchair passengers Through a change in our policies for wheelchair bound passengers, Tryanair can mitigate the negative publicity through contact and suggestions from wheelchair bound passengers on things they would like to see on flights. Getting these groups involved gets the word out and creates inside à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"buzzà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ on Tryanairà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s active stance. This aspect of the campaign activities would cover the following organizations (Edmond.com, 2006): British Paralympic Association British Wheelchair Sports Foundation Calvert Trust Changes in flight schedules The varied external forces impacting our industry, such as weather, security, and equipment can necessitate changes in flight schedules as a result of unforeseen events. Recognizing this as an aspect of our business and including it in a program that encompasses other unforeseen variables would help to create better customer relations when these instances arise. Flight delays and cancellations This represents the second business / passenger area that is based upon unforeseen occurrences, and will be a part of the program developed for schedule changes to simplify customer understandings and internal administration. Customer Service The last two areas as well as the normal functions of customer service represent a means to increase Tryanairà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s bond with customers so that those who have flown with the airline will tend to think of us first in their next travel plans, rather than continue price shopping. Remembering that almost all of our passengers have flown with another airline is an opportunity to gain a semblance of loyalty through heightened customer service and interaction. The approach to meshing these seemingly diverse issues and areas into a comprehensible Public Relations Campaign that the public will grasp in the face of extensive media clutter, will be based upon the application of some well founded theories. Our function as the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Public Relations Department, in keeping with established principles as set forth by the Arthur W. Page Society (2006), an organization of select senior public relations / corporate communications officers, which espouses that the P.R. operation is a function in the sphere of executive management and that it is a key component in the success of corporate strategies and planning. The Arthur W. Page Society (2006) advises that through telling the truth, the company lets the public know what is occurring and helps to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ provide an accurate picture of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s character, ideals and practicesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Arthur W. Page Society, 2005) and sets forth the following methodology to accomplish an effective and believable campaign: Tell the truth Prove it with action According to the Arthur W. Page Society (2006), the publicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perception of a company à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ is determined 90 percent by what it does and ten percent by talkingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Listen to the customer Understanding what the public wants and needs represent a cornerstone of reaching them through programs and actions they understand. Manage for tomorrow Understanding issues, trends and events that are shaping themselves aids in pre-planning and generates goodwill through the ability to anticipate and plan for these variables in advance. Conduct Public Relations as if the whole company depends on it All of the actions and strategies of the company have an impact in their image and standing with the public, thus policymaking and planning needs to be weaved into other company functions to create seamless external views of consistency, as the publicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perception is based upon 90% of what we do. Remain calm, patient and good-humored The benefits that can be achieved through well planned and coordinated public relations activities are founded in a consistent approach to contacts and information dissemination. The age old adage that cooler heads prevail, remains true in this case. The preceding has been included as a reminder that as a high profile company dealing with sensitive and important issues, Tryanair is subject to intense scrutiny by our rivals, the media, concerned organizations and the public. The recognition of being consistently under the microscope and acting in a manner that eliminates negative feedback from P.R. and corporate actions is a critical component to increase public trust and believability. The preceding factors will thus make statements, policies, programs and promotions that much more effective. Strategy In order to achieve results with the varied issues and concerns facing Tryanair: Emissions levy, Regional airports, Short Haul flights, Wheelchair Passengers, Flight schedule changes, Flight delays and cancellations, Customer Service, the company needs a recognizable and memorable theme which will provide recall as well as consistency for the varied objectives and individual components under the overall campaign. The slogan à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“You Fly, We Listenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is based upon the preceding as well as the important principles of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"customer centricà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ operations which states (Bosworth et al, p. 2): Traditional Approach Customer Centric Approach Make presentations Converse situation ally Offer opinions Ask relevant questions Focus on relationship Focus on solution Gravitate toward users Target customer profiles Rely on product Relate product usage Attempt to sell by Empower customers to convincing/persuading achieve their objectives handle objections solve problems overcome resistance satisfy needs The slogan à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"You Fly, We Listenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is a shortened version of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"You Fly, BECAUSE We Listenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ â„ ¢. The subtle change is to make the slogan flow better as well as to place the suggestion in customer minds through reinforcement as well as actions that Tryanair does listen and act upon what we hear. In implementing this in the Public relations campaign, Tryanair will utilize the following processes and steps in each segment of the overall campaign strategy: Emissions Levy The P.R. Department will prepare a topic agenda consisting of data on CO2 emissions utilizing the latest statistics. Defra (2005a): Table 2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Region Total emissions (million tones carbon dioxide) Region Industrial commercial Domestic Road transport Total North East 22.3 7.0 4.7 34.5 North West 29.3 18.6 14.4 62.8 Yorkshire Humber 31.5 13.9 11.2 57.8 East Midlands 16.9 12.0 10.8 41.5 West Midlands 15.5 14.5 12.3 43.1 East of England 18.2 15.7 13.4 49.7 Greater London 21.7 18.9 10.1 50.8 South East 28.0 22.5 19.3 71.1 South West 14.8 13.4 11.3 41.0 England 198.2 136.6 107.5 452.4 Defraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (2005a) information advised that the typical ranges for emissions by category in a local authority range between the following spreads: Industrial and commercial 29 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 43% Domestic 27 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 38% Road Transport 19 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 32% Of the preceding emissions breakdowns, defra (2005b) reported that 44% of the emissions in local authority areas are from industrial and commercial sources, with 29% attributed to the domestic segment and 23% attributed to transport, consisting of vehicles, trucks and cars, and airplanes. The following survey, as conducted by Accenture (2005) provides information on findings, as well as an analysis of travel preferences by UK respondents. The survey found that: approximately one-third of respondents indicated they expected to increase their travel over the flowing six month period. Four of five respondents indicated that they had taken à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"aà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ flight during the last six months Low cost airlines were utilized for personal use rather than business (46% to 35% respectively) Price represents the number one reason people elect to travel via low cost carriers, after that is was schedules The survey indicated that 52% of respondents utilized their cars for business trips inside of the UK, 30% used air transportation, 16% traveled by train, with 2% indicating other. The preceding data was correlated for business trips exceeding 300 miles. Surveys have found that transport via vehicle, usually with one individual, is the highest CO2 emission generator. In conversing with opposition groups, having detailed information on such areas, reminding them that we are in a customer business that is dictated by customer wants and needs. Additionally that we as a carrier are here to service the needs of the public, and through competition prices are lowered which serves the public interest. Communicating that Tryanair is also concerned about CO2 emissions as the company is comprised of people who like them live in the UK, and is tackling the problem through orders for the latest fuel and emissions efficient airframes shall be aspects included in these discussions, along with o ther areas The point of the active dialogue and information exchange is that these environmental groups do not get any interaction or communications on a one to one friendly basis. The object of the approach is not so much to change their minds, but to get public exposure of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interest on the issues and a willingness to meet with groups for discussions and dialogue. The objective is to steal the thunder from any other carriers who might see the overall positive benefits from such an approach. In addition to hearing the other side of the story, suggestions and ideas could be solicited and discussed with said groups and internally we can then seek potential solutions were fiscally feasible, with feedback provided to the public and through joint press releases. Ignoring these environmental groups is not the answer as their strength and public voices have become increasing larger, and with the power of the Internet as well as the recent attention that has been focused on this matter, their influence is such that ignoring them could prove disastrous. The suggestion of donation contributions to plant trees in emission areas represents another proactive stance which is cost effective in actually doing something concerning the problem, rather than just talk. Under a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"NOW Greenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ program the company could set up a fund for these donations that selected environmental groups can access to places trees where they elect, rather than where the company decides. This releasing of conditions into their own hands gives these groups greater input and should translate into at least a climate of cooperation rather than the present adversarial environment. Friends of the Earth AirApparent represents an organization of concerned citizens that National Society for Clean Air Green Skies Forum for the Future Local Authorities / Regional Airports Wheelchair passengers The P.R. Department, as in the prior case, feels a proactive stance is the preferable strategy in addressing the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s lack of vision concerning the handling of its wheelchair passengers. It is recommended that all flights and personnel are properly trained on the handling of wheelchair bound individuals. In addition it is recommended that the company actively support, through sponsorships, athletics events conducted by the following associations. British Paralympic Association British Wheelchair Sports Foundation Calvert Trust In addition, the company should actively seek out prior wheelchair bound passengers to survey their experiences and solicit ideas and suggestions, offering any dissatisfied respondents 50% off on their next flight. The preceding with generate ideas from this segment of the population as well as aid in repairing poor relationships as well as providing press release opportunities. Changes in flight schedules It is obvious that the company needs to improve its system for notifying customers of fight changes to improve customer satisfaction. This can be achieved through telephone notifications as well as emails. The company should implement a policy similar to Southwest Airlines Rapid Rewards, calling it à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Tryanair Now Rewardsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"NOWà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ refers to passengers receiving faster points for more reasons. A flight change whereby the passenger does not have the option of changing to a new flight within six hours would carry a reward point equal to 1/3rd of the ticket price. This means the passenger has a reason to stick with Tryanair for points build up and sooner reward utilization. Flight delays and cancellations The same methodology should also accompany flight delays and cancellations. The fact that customer will be unhappy is mitigated through awarding points to retain them in the future, with customers able to use their reward points at any time, meaning if they have 10% of a flightà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cost in reward points they can redeem them NOW, hence the term. The P.R. benefits are obvious, as are the benefits to passengers who realize they do not have to make a long list of flights before they qualify. The preceding should pull more customers to Tryanair. Customer Service The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“You Fly, We Listenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  slogan and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"NOWà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ rewards program have a consistent theme in that the company does à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Listenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. This platform needs to be a part of Customer Service whereby agents have discretionary power to issue on the spot reward points up to 20% for highly dissatisfied customers as well as circumstance meeting certain criteria. The aforementioned standard rewards for flight changes and cancellations are within those parameters. The preceding is part of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"NOWà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ aspect of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦We Listenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  slogan to make the message take shape in actions, as emphasized by the Arthur W. Page Society (2006): Tell the truth Prove it with action Listen to the customer Manage for tomorrow Conduct Public Relations as if the whole company depends on it Remain calm, patient and good-humored These foundations are the cornerstones of the new slogan and rewards program. Tactics The discount / budget airline travel segment is highly price conscious. However, as a company, Tryanair can not view its relationship with the general public as well as passengers from the price shopping perspective, otherwise it runs the risk of developing a brand franchise is primarily comprised of customers that utilize the airline only when price suits them. Tryanair needs to go further than simply price, it needs to actively engage in a relationship with the customer that is now based, meaning when they think of Tryanair the will be presented with the idea that we care about them à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Nowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and see to their needs, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Nowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Given all the choices customers have for air travel, now represents their state of mind, which should be reflected by the manner in which the company works in a customer centric mindset. Generating the preceding programs is estimated in terms of man hours, press releases and meetings under the à ¢Ã¢â €š ¬Ã‹Å"NOW Greenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, wheelchair sponsorships and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"NOWà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ rewards will constitute the utilization of the à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬100,000 with the costs of administering these two programs managed under advertising and promotions. Records regarding the number of customers using the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"NOWà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ rewards program will provide a gauge for its effectiveness, remembering that rarely is a flight filled to capacity, thus providing the means to fly these passengers and in reality aid in the fuel efficiency. Conclusion The nuances of the highly competitive discount / budget segment of the airline industry create a unique environment in terms of customer relationships as it is based primarily on price. This à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"cash and carryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ mentality permeates the industry segment with budget airlines garnering 54%, easyJet, 54%, Buzz, regarding the passenger who had flown with the airline who would recommend it (Gua rdian Unlimited, 2003). These are important figures, as a brand franchise is only as valuable as the customer who recognize and use it. The underlying aim behind the Public Relations Campaign is to: mend fences, where possible, with opposition groups concerning emissions, regional airport use and less flights through meetings and discussions. Tryanair is in the customer service business, and its customers are the ones traveling more as a result of the downward pressures on ticket prices. While opposition groups do have their agenda, they need to also be mindful of the publicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s desire and trends that dictate airline carrier courses of action, not the other way around. The preceding is a complex variable that needs to be slowly cultivated with those in opposition through first establishing a framework of discussion that takes their suggestions and works with these groups for practical solutions, where possible. The program in this area does not seek result, it seeks contact. The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"NOW Greenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ program is an active component in this process. Repair damage to the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s public image as created by the mishandling of wheelchair passengers, through reaching out to these groups via sponsorships and an active call program. Since the number of wheelchair passengers is relatively small such efforts are not costly, and the P.R. benefits can yield huge returns via word of mouth, in addition to press releases. The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"NOWà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ rewards program that lets passenger accumulate points for flights taken, as well as receive compensation for delayed, cancelled or re-scheduled flights is an active program designed to change customer dissatisfaction at any level about their initial impression. The program can not and does not seek to turn every customer into a happy one, just to make them more satisfied than they were before some incident. For customers having no incident, the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"NOWà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ program is designed to retain them for future flights. Registration is based either on their email or phone number and can be completed automatically when tickets are purchased and customer informed of their enrollment. The proactive approach and the handling out of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"NOWà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ reward program benefits in an easy to read format goes after customer loyalty, which must be earned. The Public Relations campaign themes, programs, approaches and direction indicated in this report are crafted to put Tryanair into contact with adversaries, as well as satisfied, dissatisfied and all levels in between of passenger who use the airline. The utilization of proactive measures will communicate the message that Tryanair does something about problems, because à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ We Listenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Appendix Appendix 1. AvantGo à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Passenger Survey Question Response Number Percent What drives your Airline purchase decision? Price Schedule Convenience FF Miles Customer Service N/A 651 162 94 95 16 40 62% 15% 9% 9% 2% 4% For personal trips, how do You generally buy travel? Online Phone Travel Agent Other N/A 785 63 130 23 57 74% 6% 12% 2% 5% Appendix 2. Wessels à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Why Passengers Select an Airline 5 is the Scoring Scale (Wessels, 2004, p-9) Category Score Price 4.7 Safety 4.2 Scheduling convenience 3.9 Non-stop flights 3.8 Reservation convenience 3.75 Baggage handling 3.7 On time arrival 3.6 Bibliography Accenture (2005) UK Travel Survey: Finding and Analysis. March 2005. https://www.accenture.com/NR/rdonlyres/39C882FB-08CA-4E1E-AB08-502CA932EAD0/0/uk_travel.pdf Airapparent (2006) Airlines Must Lose Their Right to Pollute the Skies. https://www.airapparent.ca/library/full_text/airlines_must_lose_rights_to _pollute.htm Arthur W. Page Society. (2006) About the Society. https://www.awpagesociety.com/about/index.asp Arthur W. Page Society (2005) Case Writing Competition in Corporate Communications. https://www.nd.edu/~fanning/page/APcase.pdf#search=function%20of%20corporate%20public%20relations AvantGo. (2003.) Consumer Travel Preferences. www.avantgo.com BBC News (2003) Small airports take off. https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/business/74405.stm Bosworth, M., Holland, J. (2003) Customer Centric Selling. First Edition. McGraw Hill. ISBN: 0071425454 Britt, S. (2003) Analysis of Discount Airlines. https://oak.cats.ohiou.edu/~sb176799/esp/fd.htm Christe nsen, C., Roth, E., Anthony, S. (2004) Seeing Whatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Next: Using Theories of Innovation to Predict Industry Change. Harvard Business School Press. ISBN: 1591391857 Department of Transport (2005) Civil Aviation Bill. https://www.dft.gov.uk/stellent/groups/dft_aviation/documents/pdf/dft_aviation_pdf_039655.pdf Defra (2006) An Operatorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Guide to the EU Emissions Trading Scheme. https://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/climatechange/trading/eu/intro/euets-guide.pdf Defra (2005) Experimental Statistics on carbon dioxide emissions at Local Authority and Regional Level. https://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/statistics/globatmos/regionalrpt/localghgdefrasum20051021.pdf Defra (2005b) Statistical release. https://www.defra.gov.uk/news/2005/051021a.htm EasyJet.com (2003) Directorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s report and consolidated financial statements. 30 September 2003. https://www.easyjet.com/en/news/1999-2000results.pdf#search=easyjet%20strategy Edgar (2006) RyanAir Holdings PLC. https://sec.edgar-online.com/2004/09/29/0001191638-04-001674/section5.asp Edmond.com (2006) Disabled and Wheelchair Sports Links. https://www.edmond-wheelchair.com/wheelchair_sports_links.htm Forum for the future (2006) Home Page. https://www.forumforthefuture.org.uk/index.aspx?aspxerrorpath=/news/page.aspx Friends of the Herat (2006) Climate Change. https://www.foe.co.uk/campaigns/climate/issues/climate_change/index.html Grant, R. (2005) Contemporary Strategy Analysis: Concepts, Techniques, Applications. 5th Edition. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN: 1405119993 GreenSkies (2006) Welcome to GreenSkies. https://www.greenskies.org/ Guardian Unlimited (2003) Budget airlines fly high in satisfaction survey. 11 March 2003. https://www.guardian.co.uk/airlines/story/0,1371,911568,00.html National Society for Clean Air (2006) Costs and Taxation. https://www.nsca.org.uk/pages/topics_and_issues/aviation.cfm Ray, S. (2005) Fuel costs increasing gl obal airlinesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ losses. 30 May 2005. https://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,600137709,00.html Ryanair.com (2006) Ryanair.com. https://www.ryanair.com/site/EN/dests.php?flash=chk easyJet.com (2006) easyJet.com Southwest Airlines (2006) Southwest Airlines Rapid Rewards. https://www.southwest.com/rapid_rewards/rapid_rewards.html Wessels, D. (2004) Consumer Loyalty in the Airline Industry. Wharton School of Business, University of Pennsylvania Wikitravel (2006) Discount Airlines in Europe. https://wikitravel.org/en/Discount_airlines_in_Europe Williamson, D., Cooke, P., Jenkins, W., Moreton, K. (2003) Strategic Management and Business Analysis. Butterworth à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Heinemann. ISBN: 0750642955

Mental Health Refore What It Would Really Take Essay

Mental Health Reform: What It Would Really Take In today’s society there is a greater awareness of mental illnesses. With this greater awareness one might assume that there would be a substantial increase in government involvement or funding in the area of mental illness treatment. Unfortunately this isn’t the case in the U.S. today. There are hundreds of thousands of people with mental illness that go untreated. These potential patients go untreated for many reasons. These reasons are discussed in the Time article â€Å"Mental Health Reform: What Would it Really Take. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The article gives some examples of what has happened to people that have not received mental treatment due to lack of government funding. These†¦show more content†¦She is advocating an increase in government funding to improve access to care for others. She would also like employers to help by providing equal insurance coverage for mental and physical health. Currently insurance plans can charge higher co-payments for psychaitric visits than for other medical care. I feel that even if the proposals become law it’s only the first step to fixing this problem. The article discusses some promises made by Kennedy in 1963 to subsidize mental-health services in every community. Kennedy signed a bill to create as many as 2000 community health centers, there are just 740 today. The insurance companies might feel a little better about supporting mental-health if they were presented with some comparisons of successful treatment between psychiatry and physical medicine. One such comparison given in the article is that 60% of those treated for schizophrenia can be successfully treated, while just 41% of those that have angioplasty can recover fully. There is a huge number of mentally ill that are homeless because they’ve gone untreated. They often turn to illegal drugs to ease there pain and confusion. In my opinion this problem should be addressed quickly. There are confused mentally ill people that have been forgotten about by society that a re roaming the streets. These people can un-knowingly commit horrific crimes such as the man discussed earlier that pushed the women to her death in the New York subway. The

Lord of the Flies Persuasive Letter free essay sample

This is Jack Merridew. It has been many years since we last saw each other, and so much has happened since then. I’m sure you’re a very different person now, as am I. I am not that same boy you knew, fifteen years can really change a person. Ten years ago, you sent me a letter blaming me for Simon and Piggy’s deaths, and everything else that happened on the island. I didn’t respond back then because I was in the Seminary and was trying to worship god and put all that happened on the island behind me. I’m writing you this letter now because I am about to become a priest and I feel that I need to clear things up as a last act before I start my new life. This way I can start out with a clean slate. In your letter you blamed me for what happened on that night of the big feast, what happened to Simon I mean, and I must tell you that it was not my fault. We will write a custom essay sample on Lord of the Flies Persuasive Letter or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Even though it happened fifteen years ago, I can still remember it like it happened yesterday. It was a terrible dark and rainy night and we were all dancing about like a bunch of crazed savages, chanting our pig-slaughtering chant, even you were. As we started getting caught up in the chant I saw a shadowy figure crawling out of the forest. I thought it was the beast, I really did, everyone else thought so too. Everyone, even you. I know we all saw him at the same time because I was not the only one who shouted out that he was the beast, you thought he was too, you and Piggy and Sam and Eric and everyone else, we all thought he was the beast. It wasn’t me who said â€Å"let’s kill him†, it wasn’t only my idea, it was a mutual idea that everyone took part in. We were all to blame, not just me. And how was I supposed to know that the â€Å"real beast† was only a dead parachutist? For all any of us knew, the beast could have been a terrible vicious wild animal that would have devoured us all. When I saw Simon crawling out of the forest I thought he was the beast and I took action, as did everyone else, after all we were just a pack of young boys living alone on a desert island with nothing but fruit and half-raw pig o eat. We were all caught up in the delirium of that stupid dance and no one knew what they were doing, it was a stupid and terrible mistake. However, I think that you are just as much to blame for what happened that night as I am or any one else is, you took part in that dance just like the rest of us. It wasn’t murder because it was not intentional, I had good intentions as did the rest of the boys I’m sure. Is it fair to still blame only me? I behaved in ways that I wish I had not, but in my defense I was not myself on the island. Something came over me, I was not used to living without meat, without anything. What did I know anyway? I was only thirteen and people do stupid things. I now see that what happened on that island was insanity. It was madness, all of it. The conch, the assemblies, the tribes the killing, and especially Piggy’s death. I know at the time I didn’t show any remorse, but I have truly come to regret it. I am sorry that you lost your friend and that I was not kinder to him while he was alive. But, how can you blame me for his death when I didn’t even throw the boulder that killed him?. We were all caught up that foolish fight, it was as if he was killed in battle, no one should be assigned the blame for that. We were stuck on that island for far too long and we were all beginning to go mad, it’s a wonder we even survived long enough to be rescued. I know I did some stupid things, but so did you, the point is that it was not all my fault. I want to live the rest of my life guilt-free and exonerate myself from any bad feelings still left over, I hope that you can now see my point. Father Jack Merridew

Journey Of The Magi Essays - Literature, Gospel Of Matthew, Poetry

Journey Of The Magi The Magi are a class of Zoroastrian priests in ancient Media and Persia. The three Magi are traveling to Bethlehem to pay homage to Jesus Christ. As they make their way toward the saviour they begin to learn that the world around them has become full of corruption. Slowly, after time, the wise men realize that a death from this materialistic world is the only way to be born into the Kingdom of paradise. In his poem "Journey of the Magi," T.S. Eliot takes us, the reader, on a physical and spiritual journey by the use of several poetic devices; form and structure, the use of sound, engagement of the senses and figurative language. Eliot uses the form and structure of the poem to enforce the mythic construct of a physical and spiritual journey. He separates the poem into three sections or stanzas. First innocence: Spiritually and physically, the Magi have no idea of the hardships that a journey to praise the baby Jesus, will entail. To their alarm they begin to see the disgusting state that their world is in. Second the fall: The wise men separate themselves from the rest of their society. However, they have high expectations that the birth of Christ will be grandeur and when they arrive, they do not expect the birth to be so humble. Thirdly, there is redemption: One of the wise men seems to be reflecting on the events that passed. The Magus is finally able to understand the paradox that one must leave this world in order to be born into true utopia. This structure of a classical journey strengthens Eliot's spiritual and physical journey of the Magi. The use of sound is quite effectively employed by Eliot. By using assonance and repetition he produces an emotional moving poem. There are no harsh sounding lines. They all flow softly together. "The summer palaces on slopes, the terraces, / And the silken girls bring sherbet" (9-10). This is just one example of assonance. The poem is full of soft slurred sentences. The flowing of the poem is in accordance with the structure of the poem as a journey being continuous. The third section is especially full of repetition which creates a bit of a choppy effect and leads to the Magus realizing the moral of the poem. And I would do it again, but set down This set down This: were we led all that way for Birth or Death? There was a Birth, certainly, We had evidence and no doubt. I had seen birth and death, But had thought they were different; this Birth was Hard and bitter agony for us, like Death, our death. (33-39) The repetition of the words ?set down', birth and death, emphasizes the meaning behind those words and how they apply to the journey of the Magi. Being in the redemption stanza, this helps bring the whole journey into perspective spiritually. A poet can evoke certain emotions just by using a skilled combination of words. T.S. Eliot uses the engagement of the senses to help us experience the physical journey of the wise men. He employs a great deal of synesthesia to make his poem more compelling. "And the silken girls bringing sherbet" (10). He combines the senses of tactile and gustatory. The ?silken girls' give a feeling of soft, smooth fabrics and the ?sherbet' a cold drink after long, arduous day. "Then the camel men cursing and grumbling/ And running away, and wanting their liquor and women" (11-12). He combines the auditory and visual senses. He wants the reader to be able to hear the crude camel men spewing vulgarities and the visual image of the immoral men and women. "Then we came to a tavern with vine leaves over the lintel, / Six hands at an open door dicing for pieces of silver, / And the feet kicking the empty wine-skins" (26-28). There is a visual image of leaves over the lintel and also a visual image of all the drinking and gambling taking place. He definitely creates a kinesthetic feeling with the ?hands dicing' and the motion of ?feet kicking'. By using synesthesia Eliot produces a vivid understanding of the wise men's journey. Finally Eliot uses figurative language to help us experience the spiritual journey the wise men take. He utilizes biblical allusions and symbolism to make the experience more meaningful. "And an old white horse galloped away in the meadow" (25). This use of symbolism can be interpreted in various different ways. The horse

Free Essays on The Heavens Gate Cult

The Heaven’s Gate Cult Is there a higher, physical level above humankind? Is there possibly an escape from our planet to another level of existence? The members of Heaven’s Gate believed these questions to be true, which led to one of the largest mass suicides in United States History. Heaven’s Gate was formed and led by Marshall Herff Applewhite. His friends and family remember him as being funny and charismatic. Herff, as they called him, was a talented, over-achiever. People claimed he had a â€Å"conventional† life, with a wife and two children. Applewhite was born in Texas in 1931. He was the son of a Presbyterian minister. In his teenage years, Marshall Applewhite wanted to preach also. However, he had real musical talents and went on to become a music professor at the University of St. Thomas in Houston. He was also the choir director at St. Marks Episcopal Church. As well as teaching and preaching, Marshall Applewhite played the starring roles in stage musicals, such as â€Å"Oklahoma!† and â€Å"South Pacific†, and sang 15 roles with the Houston Grand Opera. His entire life suddenly changed in the early 1970’s, when he felt that his life was falling apart. As New York Times described, â€Å"†¦for reasons that were unclear, and with a suddenness that was equally mystifying, he was seemingly transformed into someone else from 1972 to 1975, a budding cult leader with beliefs in aliens and Armageddon.† He divorced and left his family in 1772. At some point soon after that, he ended up in the hospital due to some trouble with his heart and a near death experience. It was there that he met Bonnie Lu Nettles, who was 44 at the time, happily married and a mother to four children. Nettles was a nurse caring for Applewhite. The two discovered a mutual interest in astrology and reincarnation. They soon came to believe that they were the earthly incarnations of aliens. The Heaven’s Gate Internet site states... Free Essays on The Heaven's Gate Cult Free Essays on The Heaven's Gate Cult The Heaven’s Gate Cult Is there a higher, physical level above humankind? Is there possibly an escape from our planet to another level of existence? The members of Heaven’s Gate believed these questions to be true, which led to one of the largest mass suicides in United States History. Heaven’s Gate was formed and led by Marshall Herff Applewhite. His friends and family remember him as being funny and charismatic. Herff, as they called him, was a talented, over-achiever. People claimed he had a â€Å"conventional† life, with a wife and two children. Applewhite was born in Texas in 1931. He was the son of a Presbyterian minister. In his teenage years, Marshall Applewhite wanted to preach also. However, he had real musical talents and went on to become a music professor at the University of St. Thomas in Houston. He was also the choir director at St. Marks Episcopal Church. As well as teaching and preaching, Marshall Applewhite played the starring roles in stage musicals, such as â€Å"Oklahoma!† and â€Å"South Pacific†, and sang 15 roles with the Houston Grand Opera. His entire life suddenly changed in the early 1970’s, when he felt that his life was falling apart. As New York Times described, â€Å"†¦for reasons that were unclear, and with a suddenness that was equally mystifying, he was seemingly transformed into someone else from 1972 to 1975, a budding cult leader with beliefs in aliens and Armageddon.† He divorced and left his family in 1772. At some point soon after that, he ended up in the hospital due to some trouble with his heart and a near death experience. It was there that he met Bonnie Lu Nettles, who was 44 at the time, happily married and a mother to four children. Nettles was a nurse caring for Applewhite. The two discovered a mutual interest in astrology and reincarnation. They soon came to believe that they were the earthly incarnations of aliens. The Heaven’s Gate Internet site states...

Hobbies outside of work are the keys to your professional success

Hobbies outside of work are the keys to your professional success â€Å"Work-life balance† is a phrase that gets thrown around a lot, and for good reason- you don’t want to work too hard, but you want to work hard enough to make a good living and gain a sense of fulfillment. When people talk about this ideal balance, the â€Å"life† part usually refers to the health benefits of work-life balance (eating well, sleeping enough, spending time with friends and family). But what about doing something for yourself out of pure enjoyment? Your physical and psychological health are every bit as important to your long-term success as the status of your career, and hobbies can be an incredibly valuable part of your development- often personally and professionally. Here are a few reasons why it’s good to find a hobby and devote yourself to it.You get more out of life.When you devote yourself to an activity that brings you joy, you get more creativity, more confidence, and more ways to expand and express your passion. All of the work you do in developing your hobby translates directly (or indirectly) into your work. The bottom line is, as you build these things in one area of your life, they don’t just sit there at the craft table or on the ski lift- they infuse the other arenas of your life.You can treat them as solo â€Å"me† time.Taking care of yourself physically and spending time with your family are important, but they can start to feel like chores or stressors of their own. Hobbies, by contrast, are only for you. And they serve as an immediate battery recharge station, a place where you can go to let your hair (and blood pressure) down a bit.Or, you can use them to connect with like-minded people.Most hobbies tend to involve bumping into other enthusiasts of the same activity or project now and then. Or, if it’s your jam, you can seek out a group where you all can hobby together. Relish in this new bit of networking and connecting. You never know the connections you might make or the doors that might open to you.Learning makes you sharper in all areas of your life.It’s so important in a life and a career to keep learning. A hobby keeps you aware, inquisitive, and on the cutting edge of one more aspect of your life. Exploring a passion in-depth also helps you to gain a better understanding of yourself- how you function, what you like and dislike, and what is most important to you.You become more interesting.Having a hobby- something that matters to you beyond the grind of home and work- makes you more interesting to the people you meet. It broadens your identity beyond your home life and your job title. It can help people get a better sense of you, which will help them connect to you more easily.You gain new perspective.When you’re flagging or you feel in a rut, sometimes the best thing to do is get out of it. If you’re lucky enough to have a hobby you love, you can go to your hobby/happy place, throw yourself into it, and see if it helps yo u look at a situation with new eyes. Use your chosen activity to give you the calm and rest to step back and examine and improve all aspects of your life.

Liberty Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Liberty - Coursework Example Liberty is a word which is often used politically wherein it is advocated and fought for. According to most dictionaries liberty is the state of immunity from exercise of authority. It also means a personal freedom one possesses or has to possess so as to make one's own choice, be it in speech, opinion, worship, occupation or anything. Defining liberty is almost impossible without using the words which mean the absence of coercion. But is liberty just the absence of restraint "By liberty then we can only mean a power of acting or not acting, according to the determinations of the will; this is, if we choose to remain at rest, we may; if we choose to move, we also may." (David Hume, 1748) Good and bad are relative things. One person's good may be other person's bad. Likewise, liberty and restraint are also relative things. An absence of restraint for committing an act of robbery cannot be called liberty. If all restraints are minimized, so as to bring a complete absence of any kind of control, one would hope to achieve liberty. But when restraints are removed entirely, the world will not have equality, and there will be battles and bloodshed. So the definition of the word needs something more or less than bare absence of restraints. Going by the general definitions, no one can have liberty because no one is free to do all that is wanted. Everybody is subject to some superior power to live against personal wishes. In the following sub-headings let us take a deeper study of the word and its meaning. Immunity from Authority "He (Man) must have a master; but the master may be Nature or may be a fellow man. When he is under the impersonal coercion of Nature, we say that he is free; and when he is under the personal coercion of some one above him, we call him, according to the degree of his dependence, a slave, a serf, or a vassal." (Spencer, 1891) History has many instances showing that liberty was the cause for people of various countries to fight which eventually lead to the overthrow of their governments. Aristocrats have always been revolted against and the French revolution and the Russian revolution stand testimony to that. As a matter of fact, Jean Jacques Rousseau's French Revolution slogan, "Liberty, Equality and Fraternity" became the basic principles for democracy in the world. Even now many parts of the world struggle for liberty. In Pakistan and Myanmar, people are fighting for democracy against the military regimes. In this political sense, the restraint is in the form of anti-democratic rule. Such a government can be said to curb the people's freedom because the restraint imposed on them affects them, their country and prevents improvement on a global level. But at the same time, every country has a judiciary and the police, in order to protect the people from law offenders. The judicial laws are also restrictio ns laid down so that any action committed by common men does not go against the welfare of the nation. The judiciary has the power to punish offenders of the law. One may tend to opine that this affects the freedom of thought, belief and action of, say, a thief, or a murderer. Police could be wrongly thought of as ones who wipe out the liberty of a thief. Thus, it is

Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Terrorism - Essay Example Those advocating for the leadership of the UN to fight terrorism cite the strained relations with long-standing allies that resulted from the invasion of Iraq without being sanctioned by the UN as a major setback to the nation. Following their perspective that terrorism is a global problem, they believe that international cooperation will achieve better results as it will pool together diplomatic, intelligence and financial resources. Instead, if the nation goes to war against terrorism on its terms and leadership, the necessary resources for domestic protection will be diverted overseas. Those supporting forceful and aggressive mean opine that when the US acts on its own, it will bypass the difficulties associated with seeking international cooperation, which often takes place while the nation’s vulnerability to terrorist attacks increases. Preemptive measures, they propose, are the best way to work without worrying about different political motivations or constraints present ed by potential international partners. This stems from their notion that there are conventions already in place by the UN against terrorism but they have largely been ineffective or unenforceable.This paper supports a diplomatic approach towards addressing the terrorist menace. It is imperative for the measures adopted by the US to reflect the nation’s democracy and ethics. It is true that 9/11 attacks sent a message of vulnerability to Americans, in their own country, that they had not experienced in over five decades.

Huckleberry Finn and The Catcher in the Rye essay Essay Example for Free

Huckleberry Finn and The Catcher in the Rye essay Essay The novels ‘The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn’ and ‘The Catcher in the Rye’ are both set in times where the expectations of society differed from the ones of today. Huckleberry Finn is set in the late 1800s, pre USA civil war and in a time where slavery was an accepted occurrence and the escape of a slave was seen as legally and morally wrong. This was also a time in which church attendance and education were seen as tokens of respectability. A young boy, the eponymous character, Huck, seeks to reject all that he regards as oppressive and cruel in order to establish an alternative life as a wanderer, far from adult control. The Catcher in the Rye’, on the other hand, was set in the late 1940s, a time when teenagers were just beginning to gain their own lives and being allowed more freedom than ever before. The picaresque novel gives the reader an insight into middleclass life in New York in the 50s and how one boy felt trapped by the expectations of his parents and school. His period of comparative freedom leads to unexpected consequences as he falls victim to depression and eventual supervision in an institution, putting paid forever to his dreams of freedom. Both novels present the themes of freedom and escape and the selected extracts portray incidents in the characters’ lives which focus on this theme. In both of the extracts, the characters are pretending to be someone else, Huckleberry Finn a young girl and Holden Caulfield taking a false identity. The reader may infer from this that by assuming a different and fake identity, the two boys can escape from their own lives; ones that are full of problems and worries. Escaping their lives allows them both to live a little more freely, even if just for a little while. However, Huckleberry Finn and Holden take on their new identities for different reasons. For instance, Huckleberry Finn assumes the alternative identity in order to travel across town without being recognised by anybody, as he was supposed to have died not long before. Another reason he had to pretend to be a girl is to protect his and Jim’s safety. Holden on the other hand, assumes the alternative identity in order to befriend people he meets on his journey without the people realising that he should still be at school. Various audiences of the two novels would interpret and receive the occurrences in the extracts very differently. For example, the audience of Huckleberry Finn would be shocked at Huck escaping, living with a slave and then dressing as a girl. This is because the changes in society since Huckleberry Finn was written are significant. In the late 1800s, young boys were to be well educated and then sent off to be a successful businessman, not to escape and run amok. Slaves were also seen as inferior and a possession and anybody helping them was breaking the law. Another thing that the different audiences would feel differently about is the fact that Jim gets called a ‘nigger’ quite often. An audience of the 1880s would accept that as normal as they were used to hearing it, whereas an audience of the 2000s would be shocked by this, as the word nigger has a very malicious meaning nowadays and is considered a racist insult due to the equality rights now instilled in the majority of society, due to the word undergoing perjoration. The audience of Catcher in the Rye would probably not be surprised at the behaviour that Holden employs, as teenagers in the late 1940s were gaining a new sense of freedom and the dangers of letting your children out into the world unsupervised had not yet been considered. They also would accept that he might befriend any stranger that he comes across. However in the 40s there still existed traditional views about respect for authority although they were gradually evaded. His parents however do not approve of him staying in the hotel by himself. In the 2000s however, we would frown upon a young teenager travelling around alone, talking to strangers and booking a hotel room in a large city. The maturity of the two different characters is also very different. Although Holden wants and tries to be mature, the reader very quickly sees that he is in actual fact very childish and naive. This could be so that he can escape the realities of adult life, and stay in his idealistic child’s world forever. Despite this, he does attempt to seem more of an adult by using more taboo language and more complicated language around people who he would like to impress, like the females in the Lavender Room. For example, he says; ‘I’m twelve, for Chrissake. I’m big for my age. ’ Although the word Chrissake, which is the words ‘Christ’s sake’ after undergoing elision and with Holden’s idiolect, is not considered taboo now, it was still frowned upon in the 1940s, as some sectors of society were still highly religious. Another taboo word he used a lot is ‘Goddamn’. Again this word, which is the words ‘God damn’ that have also undergone elision and are with Holden’s idiolect, is no longer considered taboo or offensive, due to the change in society over time. This language choice illustrates Holden’s immaturity as it shows that he believes that using taboo words and more complicated language will make him look more grown up, when in actual fact it simply makes him seem barbaric and pretentious. Huck, on the other hand seems quite comfortable with his maturity level, which is one that seems to fluctuate. For instance, he seems to treat the whole journey in the novel as an adventure, one that fuels his child-like imagination; as is shown when Huck plays a prank on Jim. He says; ‘I went to the cavern to get some, and found a rattlesnake in there. I killed him, and curled him up at the foot of Jim’s blanket, ever so natural, thinking there’d be some fun when Jim found him there’. This illustrates his immature side as children are more likely to play pranks and find them amusing. Another way that Twain shows Huck’s immaturity and failed education is through his speech, as Twain uses elision in depicting Huck’s speech and gives him a very strong idiolect and dialect. One instance of this is; ‘Who done it? we’ve heard considerable about these goings on, down in Hookerville, but we don’t know who t’was that killed Huck Finn. Huck uses the word ‘t’was’ instead of saying ‘it was’. Using elision as strong as this also shows us how badly educated Huck is, despite the attempts of Widow Douglas to correct this. However, you do get to see the more mature side of Huck. One example of this is when he makes plans for his escape from his father. He makes a list of the things he needs and even fakes his own death so that he can never be found. This shows his maturity because he has the initiative to put the plans into place and fool the people he is escaping from. Another example would be when he treats and considers Jim to be his friend, as it is obvious that he has to ignore society and make his own decision to befriend someone who could potentially get him into trouble with the law. Also, he has to overcome a moral dilemma when deciding whether to escape with Jim, or hand him over to Widow Douglas, to whom Jim rightfully belongs. The fact that Jim is a possession of someone else would shock modern audiences as they are not used to this due to the change in society. This particularly shows his maturity because he was making a decision about somebody else’s life as well, as Jim would have been sold on if returned to Widow Douglas, therefore thwarting his plan to find his family. The decision that Huck had to make had consequences beyond his control and Huck was fully and completely aware of this whilst making the choice. The central characters in the two novels respond to the theme of escape in different but not quite contrasting ways. For Huckleberry Finn, the journey he goes on allows him to grow up and realise what he wants for himself in the future. Huck’s resolution to embrace traditional societal values by resuming his studies shows he has come to a positive decision about his future. On the other hand, for Holden the journey is a reality check, as it shows him that he is not ready for the outside and adult world because he hadn’t even got the simple child’s world right. He saw life as a game, and was stubbornly naive. His loss of autonomy at the end of the novel shows loss of dreams of freedom and little hope of escape from the downward spiral he has found himself in along the way.

Legalization Of Weed :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this country, we are locked in a war we simply cannot win. We strive to protect over 10,000 miles of border, against enemies who are driven by the lure of a huge profit. We fought a version of this war before with prohibition, and we lost that one. All that has really resulted from this war is the overcrowding of prisons, the expansion of law enforcement’s ability to infringe on the personal lives of ordinary citizens, paranoia and distrust. If its not obvious already, I am referring to the war on drugs, marijuana in specific. Why spend millions of dollars fighting a war that can not be won? Legalizing marijuana would not only make the government money, but also improve society as a whole.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To most the financial reasons for ending the war are the most convincing. For example, it costs over $30,000 per year to house a prisoner - this does not include processing and legal fees. There are over 1.5 million non-violent drug law offenders in prison right now, and this number is increasing daily. That means we are spending a minimum of $45 billion per year keeping former tax-paying citizens locked up with murderers and rapists. When these people get out of jail, they will have criminal records which will make it nearly impossible to get a decent job. Most of whom had jobs and were contributing to the economy in some way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The United States spend $37 billion per year funding police efforts to fight the war on drugs.. Recent evidence suggests the CIA has been involved in drug-trafficking to fund its own private wars. Currently there is over $150 billion worth of drug traffic that remains untaxed. If you figure a tax rate of 15%, that is a total of $22.5 billion of taxes that America doesn't see. The U.S. Treasury estimates America wastes a minimum of $104.5 billion per year fighting a war that can not be won. Meanwhile crime rates continue to rise (because of the huge profits made possible by the risks involved in the drug trade as drugs remain illegal), and the quality of education, medical care and environmental protection falls due to lack of money in the budget.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The problem with drugs is not their effect, it is the corruption that is tied to the huge profits that doing illegal business commands. Increasing penalties for drug crimes will just increase the prices and thereby the profits for people willing to take the risk. Along with these profits will come increasing war in our neighborhoods as gangs and

Critical Appraisal of Life Cycle Assessment

Having an understanding of environmental sustainability of the complete life cycle of products and services Is becoming Imperative for organizations so they can comply with environmental standards and to meet the growing public expectation regarding the organization's role in managing their environmental impacts.But this is a complex matter and this essay critically appraises Life Cycle Assessment (LLC) as a tool to provide decision-making support in improving production processes in order to minimizes their environmental Impacts. The definition of LLC, a review of its application In Industry and advantages will be discussed first to form a basis for Its critical evaluation. The usefulness of this tool and Its potential Limitations and weaknesses in terms of applicability, standardization, cost, complexity and requirements of expertise will be considered.As an example, the role of LLC in improving the environmental impact of milk production system will be used. In literature LLC Is d efined as a systematic approach to analyses the environmental burden through the whole life cycle of a specific product or service that In turn helps o reduce that environmental burden by triggering areas of Improvement so that better technologies, product materials and process options can then be adopted (Roy et al. 2009; ISO 1997, AAA; The Finnish Environment Institute, 2010).To critically appraise LLC it is imperative to see its application in a specific sector so milk production Is considered. Milk production Involves live stock, agriculture, dairy farming, dairy packaging and distribution (Household et al. , 2003). These systems are highly inter-related and their combined effect is very complex for the LLC first phase of boundary allocation. Milk is not produced in isolation but production of cheese, court and butter is also uses the similar inventory and production system that make it difficult to identify the system boundaries (Hospice et al. 2003). Multi-product system and d ifficulty of LLC in allocation of system boundaries Is also discussed by Warden et al. (2012) that relates the outcomes of LLC with allocation. In studies, contribute to transportation, packaging waste and CA emissions respectively (Thomas et al. , 2008). Roy et al. (2009) declare LLC as useful tool for various food industries that helps to reduce environmental load by suggesting alternate reduction, processing, packaging, and distribution and consumption patterns.LLC also provides quantitative information that ultimately helps to provide stakeholders with information about company steps that have been practically taken to minimizes the environmental impacts of their production activities (Roy et al. , 2009). However there are various issues like generalization of LLC results, its cost and time intensiveness, the required expertise, difficulties in allocation of system boundaries and lack of standardization in its methodology that are imperative to resolve before adopting this metho dology (Reap et al, 2008).The complex interacting nature of the environment and highly different environmental scenarios in different industries and countries also affect the usefulness of LLC. For example, in a review by Rossi (2004) of the LLC of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic across its lifestyle found that LLC quantitative methodology is highly subjective to data collection which can mislead the outcomes and in toxic chemical determination LLC is cannot provide accurate measurement. This implies that pesticides, antibiotics and detergents should be carefully analyses as part of the farm impacts and should be considered as a ‘hot spot' in milk production (HogwashAide, 2002). Defining functional units is very important and errors can arise due to assigning functional units to multiple functions and when handling non-quantifiable functions (Cooper, 2003). However in milk production functional units are quantifiable but not standardized across various studies so that it is d ifficult to compare different results (Gao, 2012; Hogwash Aide, 2002). Similarly, boundary selection is subjective that could lead to less confidence in comparative studies of LLC (Such et al. , 2004).For example, in milk production if the packaging waste and the production of feed at the arm is ignored, that can generate highly different findings regarding environmental impacts. Omitting social and economic considerations in defining the goal and scope of LLC has also brought criticism that technical improvements cannot remove the need to make socially influenced decisions (Reap et al. , 2008). Therefore the lack of environmental and economic integration in LLC methodology can miss opportunities or limit the influence of LLC in decision making, especially in private sector (Norris, 2001).To conclude, despite the limitations and inability of LLC to incorporate social and economic factors in relation to product life cycle assessment, it is still a useful and highly established and ad opted methodology for the analysis of environmental impacts. However it is difficult to implement LLC in small scale firms due to its cost, time intensive nature and required expertise in executing LLC. Standardization of methodologies and generalization of results is also a natural flaw in this approach due to highly different environmental condition and technological use by organizations.However in milk production, LLC as been very successfully applied in any countries as it allows boundaries to be set and also the selection of functional widely used in the whole dairy industry and results are being used to minimizes the environmental impacts especially when selecting chemicals, packaging, transport and feeding. Finally, it is concluded that there are no other alternative highly established methods of finding a product or services environmental impacts than LLC but economic and social considerations should be involved in this process to make it more useful in improving environment al impacts.

The Effects Of Hydration Health And Social Care Essay

Blood force per unit area, or the sum of force exerted on our arterias as blood is pumped through them, is frequently measured to estimate an person ‘s general province of wellness ( James 2010 ) . Age, weight, dietetic wonts, emotional conditions, and general fittingness all contribute to arterial blood force per unit area ( Weedman and Sokoloski 2009 ) . It has been confirmed by recent surveies that environmental factors, like quicksilver exposure, can act upon an addition in blood force per unit area over clip ( Valera et al 2009 ) . About tierce of grownups worldwide suffer from high blood pressure, or high blood force per unit area ( Castaneda-Bueno and Gamba 2010 ) . Using a factor of our ain, the lab pupils conducted an experiment to prove the association between desiccation and blood force per unit area. I hypothesized that desiccation had a direct relationship with high blood force per unit area and bosom rate ; that is, the more dehydrated an person, the higher their blood force per unit area and bosom rate would be. With increased hydration, blood force per unit area and bosom rates would diminish to endorse to basal rates. The significance of this peculiar analysis is to prove whether hydration degrees in an single influences their blood force per unit area and/or bosom rates. A similar experiment has been performed with hydration and blood force per unit area, and the consequences show that desiccation in babies may take to future high blood force per unit area in grownups ( Smith et al 2006 ) .MATERIALS AND METHODSTo run our experiment, we used an instrument called a â€Å" sphygmomanometer † to mensurate our arterial blood force per unit area. The group of topics dwelling of 26 pupils conducted three basal readings, before devouring H2O, at a somewhat dehydrated province. After two hours, our desiccation degrees were higher. Using our three basal readings we antecedently collected for control variables, we instantly began imbibing room-temperature H2O. I consumed about 16 ounces before taking the first of five blood force per unit area measurings, each done three proceedingss apart, for a corporate 12 proceedingss of appraising. Blood force per unit area, in this instance, would be the dependent variable, whereas the sum of H2O consumed ( hydration degree ) would be the independent variable. After carry oning the experiment and entering each blood force per unit area and bosom rate measuring, the group ‘s information was consolidated. Using all of the collected information, I averaged the blood force per unit areas and bosom rates, computed the p-values utilizing several of the informations sets coupled with the last measurings ( after 12 proceedingss ) by running six t-tests, and found the scopes of overall blood force per unit area and bosom rate.ConsequenceThis experiment was conducted to mensurate the correlativity between hydration and blood force per unit area and bosom rate. I compared six informations sets with the 12 minute station informations set by making paired t-tests ( table 5 ) , and found that three of them had a p-value of less than 0.05. This suggests that the variable alteration between the compared information sets has a less than five percent chance of happening by opportunity. The information sets that had important p-values were the radical pulse rate ( 3 ) , radical systolic blood force per unit area ( 3 ) , and diastolic blood force per unit area at clip 0. One information set, systolic blood force per unit area at clip 0, had a p-value of 0.06974 which is really close to significance but can non be considered as solid grounds. The other two informations sets, basal diastolic blood force per unit area ( 3 ) and pulse rate at clip 0, had really high p-values ( 0.407448 and 0.799202 ) and can non be used as support. The norms for systolic blood force per unit area, diastolic blood force per unit area, and bosom rate were calculated and plotted on three different charts in comparing to clip ( 0 to 12 proceedingss ) . Each of the charts illustrates similar inclinations. Get downing at a maximal value, there is an initial lessening from clip zero to six proceedingss ( values at lower limit ) . Then there is a little addition from six to nine proceedingss, and eventually, a little lessening at the terminal of the 12 proceedingss. In the instance of secret plan 3, the bosom rate mean remains changeless after six proceedingss. Harmonizing to table 4, the scopes for all pulse rates and all blood force per unit areas were calculated as 69 and 75/65, severally. Three separate tabular arraies ( 1-3 ) represent basal pulse rate and blood force per unit area norms, post-drinking pulsation rate norms ( at 12 proceedingss ) , and post-drinking blood force per unit area norms.Time ( min )036912Mean71.69 70.12 69.44 70.56 70.56Time ( min )036912Mean120/79 114/70 110/66 117/77 114/72Data SetsOverall PROverall BPScope69 75/65Basal Pulse Rate and Blood Pressure AveragesTable 1 Table 3 Table 5Post-Drinking Pulse Rate AveragesTable 2Post-Drinking Blood Pressure AveragesT-test Consequences( All paired with 12 min post informations )Scopes for Pulse Rates and Blood PressuresData SetsBasal PR 3Basal Systolic BP 3Basal Diastolic BP 3Time 0 PRTime 0 Systolic BPTime 0 Diastolic BPp-values0.00079 0.04239 0.407448 0.799202 0.06974 0.04954 Table 4Data SetsBasal Pulse Rate 1Basal PR 2Basal PR 3Basal Blood Pressure 1Basal BP 2Basal BP3Mean77.07692 79.23077 77.7307 112/70 110/70 107/69Time ( min )036912Systolic120114110117114Time ( min )036912Diastolic7970667772Time ( min )036912Heart Rate71.6970.11569.4470.5670.56Plot 1Plot 2Plot 3DiscussionMy hypothesis for this experiment was that increased desiccation in an person would demo increased blood force per unit areas and bosom rates. I predicted to see a dramatic lessening in these measurings from our basal readings ( dehydrated province ) to the 12 proceedingss after full hydration. After carry oning the experiment and running these t-tests with the collected information, there is important grounds to back up my hypothesis and suggest that hydration is negatively correlated with blood force per unit area and bosom rate. The value of 0.00079 agencies that the consequences of radical bosom rate ( 3 ) measurings correlate with hydration, and the chance of the diminishing tendency happening by opportunity was merely.079 % . Basal systolic blood force per unit area ( 3 ) had a p-value of.04239, and diastolic blood force per unit area at zero proceedingss had a p-value of.04954. The chances that those two occurred by opportunity were both under 5 % . This suggests that those measurings exceptionally declined as a consequence of increased hydration, which provides important grounds to back up my hypothesis. The graphs that depict blood force per unit area versus clip show that, from clip 0 to clip 12, blood force per unit area decreases from a high scope back down to a normal scope. Heart rate and blood force per unit area are, by and large, straight related, therefore my hypothesis should hold been reflected through the t-test computations of all blood force per unit area and bosom rate measurings. The three high p-values that contradict the remainder of the consequences could hold been due to input mistakes on the computing machine ; besides, some informations came up clean upon having the excel spreadsheet, hence some variables were non accounted for. Using the basal measurements we gathered from two hours before get downing this experiment likely skewed the consequences, for these Numberss could non accurately reflect what our force per unit areas and rates were at our most dehydrated province of the experiment ( right before imbibing ) . Another survey has been done to prove hydration and blood force per unit area, and the consequences show that hydration is straight related to lower resting blood force per unit area ( Patterson and Spinks 2002 ) . This survey ‘s t-test values were exhaustively important plenty to reason that the relationship between blood force per unit area and hydration is strongly, negatively correlated with one another ; as hydration increased, blood force per unit area decreased. The most of the consequences of our experiment do hold with this survey, chiefly with the significance of the low p-values and overall decision that hydration and blood force per unit area are negatively correlated. One failing in the process that I found to be a beginning of inaccuracy was the usage of basal measurings that we took at a more hydrous province than when we really started the experiment. To genuinely compare blood force per unit area and bosom rates before and after imbibing, we should hold re-measured basal rates under the most dehydrated province possible, right before we began to imbibe. Another possible failing in process was maintaining the volume of H2O invariable for every pupil. We do non cognize how much every one drank, precisely, hence consequences could hold been affected by deficient fluid ingestion and eventual rehydration. This experiment has led to the decision that hydration affects blood force per unit area and bosom rate ; from a dehydrated status, blood force per unit area and bosom rate by and large decrease as hydration additions.Literature CitedCastaneda-Bueno M, and Gamba G. Feb 2010. SPAKling insight into blood force per unit area ordinance. EMBO Molecular Medicine. 2 ( 2 ) : 39-41. James, DCS. Hypertension. FAQs.org. [ Internet ] . [ updated 2010 ] . [ cited 1 February 2010 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.faqs.org/nutrition/Hea-Irr/Hypertension.html. Patterson SM, Spinks DE, and the Society for Psychophysiological Research. 2002. Relationship between hydration sweetening and blood force per unit area: More is better. Psychophysiology. Washington D.C. p 39. Smith GD, Leary S, Ness S, and The ALSPAC Study Team. 2006. Could dehydration in babyhood lead to high blood force per unit area? J Epidemiol Community Health. 60:142-143. Valera B, Dewailly E , and Poirier P. Nov 2009. Environmental Mercury Exposure and Blood Pressure Among Nunavik Inuit Adults. American Heart Association, Inc. 54:981. Weedman D, and Sokoloski ES. 2009. Human Cardiopulmonary Physiology. In: Biology of Organisms: Lab Manual for LIFE103, 5e. Mason, ( OH ) : Cengage Learning. p 173-184.

london trafic essays

london trafic essays One of the most powerful nuances of any writing is the dialogue within the story. In literature, it is all too often that characters live only in the jaded voice of the author and never truly develop as their own, or are not strongly opinionated in a manner which contrasts the opinions of the writer. It is also unfortunately true that the women depicted in most male-authored literature do not often sound realistic, or how most women one would speak to in the course of the day tend to sound. All too often, women are depicted on a lower level of speech than men. For instance, Dickens and Arthur Miller both apparently subscribed to this notion, as the women in their stories were usually more passive, and not as elaborate as men in their speech, however, James Joyce did not see things in the same light. The most developed female character in Joyces A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, is one who speaks with dignity, passion, and the female tact which is all too often ignored in the ch aracters of women. Joyce's Dante Riordan's words and thoughts are true to those of literate Although a short-lived character in Portrait, Dante Riordan, in a brief amount of time emits an apparently important and mysterious aura, the aura of a woman. Judging from the studies of twentieth century linguists, Joyce's brief representation of Dante through speech is nearly flawless. To more lucidly understand this, one must carefully examine some of the instances at which Dante speaks in her conversation with Mr. and Mrs. Dedalus, Charles, and Mr. Casey, and re-examine the arguments she makes. Dante is introduced into the dinner table conversation as a silent character. However, when the men's conversation turns to the misuse of the preacher's pulpit, Dante begins her interjections. All too often, women in literature remain linguistically dormant unless ...

Free sample - Enforcing internet security in organizations. translation missing

Enforcing internet security in organizations. Enforcing internet security in organizationsThe position of organizational internet security in the current growth of computing is gaining the presence of many companies as internet is expanding globe. Software companies are coming up with new security measures which can be implemented to counter the current needs of secure information and data transfer. Commoditized security measures have been around for long and therefore the need for enhanced internet security measures which offer high levels of security cannot be overlooked. Internet security technologies that offer competitive advantage to organizations are considered sometimes hard to implement. However critics emphasize that they are made to separate organizations from others in terms of accessibility, the major focus should be to retain secure information transfer. As new technologies emerge in the market, their adoption has been slow, but they offer an upper hand. Both physical and logical access remains vulnerable to hackers. This should prompt the need to redefine security technologies which will ensure secure operation and reduce the level of vulnerability to organizations data.   Organizations security is an area that is conceivably the most elementary and nevertheless the most critical of all the technologies and disciplines for the business or organizations sensation. An organization without concrete enterprise security processes and rules exposes it to considerable threats. This should therefore open up their minds that network security is an arms race and therefore attacks and prevention measures should be put in place that are not one sided. Evans (2003) stated that â€Å"while hackers try to exploit vulnerabilities, software companies and enterprise security specialists continue to close the gaps and find new solutions and approaches to secure enterprise operations and data† (p. 31). The role of internet security in the current growth of computing has been gaining the presence of many stakeholders including organizations and learning institutions around the globe. While governments have made it possible to use the internet for commercial and personal purposes its record in the realm of privacy and security is not unblemished. Internet security can be enforced through various ways to ensure a considerable level of security in organizations. Information security program for the organization should consist of various policies and procedures, security education, security management and a range of internet security mechanisms (Chen, 2005). The organizations internet security policy document should be of great and critical importance to the organizations internet security program. The internet security policy should be a sub policy of the whole organizations information security policy and therefore it should be determined during the requirements definition phase (Chen, 2005). Organizations should consider many diverse factors identified as influential for internet security policy. Chen (2005) says that â€Å"human issues dominate internet security enforcement which include freedom of internet use, privacy, trust, monitoring, surveillance, censorship, right to be kept informed, accountability, sanctions, ownership and ethics† (17). This implies that human issues should take center stage during the process which all other factors were viewed while establishing various sub policies of the internet security policy in the organization. The term internet security should imply that the organization has taken all the necessary measures of security have been ensured or adopted. Vacca on the other hand says that internet security should be about the information security and integrity of both private and organizational end user’s systems, networks and other terminal devices accessing the internet through the publicly available service providers (2007). Enforcing internet security should bring to our understanding that the organization has enforced the following types of internet security which include: system architecture level, virtual private networks, use of trusted links, and use of multiple firewalls, intrusion detection mechanisms, and encryption. Vacca says that the organization should use encryption as a primary means for providing confidentiality services for information sent over the internet (2007). Encryption should therefore be used to protect any electronic traffic such as mail messages or the contents of a file being downloaded (Vacca, 2007). Another measure that should be taken by the organization in connecting to the internet is to involve a number of system architectural decisions that will impact overall system security of the organization (Vacca, 2007). System level architecture uses virtual private network and trusted links so as to control access from unauthorized people. Trusted links in the organization are used to connect geographically separate networks. The publication by Science and Technology Committee (2007) noted that internet security in institution should not involve installation of the appropriate technology alone but also further sensitize the members of the organization on internet security. This should be in line with changing attitudes and behavior towards the internet through education and training. The organization should also ensure that security remains up to date (Science and Technology Committee, 2007). Besides the above measures which imply that the institution has fully enforced internet security there should also be the use of strong passwords and antivirus software’s. Strong passwords ensure that after computers boot only authorized users can access the internet to avoid security breaches. They should thus be used to prevent an unauthorized person form hacking to the computers while still online. Well configured firewalls and strong password should be used to enforce accepted level of internet security. The organization should use antivirus programs which prevent malicious malware or virus from interfering with data stored in these computers. The antivirus programs will protect other attacks from hackers who may want to gain access to data stored in computers in the organization. Cheswick, Bellovin and Rubin say that there should be careful control of network access and the files obtained from foreign sources greatly reduces the risk of infection (2003). Antivirus programs prevent human propagated viruses where people forward messages to other individuals promoting them to give their login details. On the other hand Maiwald (2003) says that the implementation of internet security in the organization should include mechanisms such as firewalls and virtual private networks coupled with changes to network architectures within the institution. The organization should place an access control device between the internet and the organizations internal network. This means that without such protection all internal systems will exposed to unlimited attacks (Maiwald, 2003). Internet security enforcement should ensure that the organization’s staffs will be well trained on matters concerning internet security. Maiwald continue to say that internet security enforcement should come with the implementation of security mechanisms and ensure that they observe responsibility for the security of the organization (2003. As part of enforcing internet security the organization should actively raise security awareness as an important part of any good security program (Maiwald, 2003). Some of the steps toward attaining internet security will include determining the key information that must be communicated to the employees of the organization (Maiwald, 2003). In this context Maiwald says that employees should pay particular attention to password requirement, badges, use policies and anything else that directly affects your employees will work (2003). Internet security enforced should imply that the institution has provided its employees with detailed knowledge about protecting organizations information resources. Maiwald thus says that both the students and employees should be aware why the organization needs to protect its information resources (2003). This also indicates that the organization’s security department should have plans to conduct audits of policy compliance. Maiwald (2003) established that â€Å"such audits should focus on system configurations, backup policy compliance or on the protection of information in physical form† (198). In order to enforce the required level of internet security, there should be a need for well resourced formal organizational internet security infrastructure, featuring an internet security management program (Chen, 2005). The institution should adopt a multifaceted approach to controlling the employee contribution to internet security concerns including the development for very secure internet connectivity to institution. The institution should pay a close attention to the important human issues associated with internet security and usage (Chen, 2005). Besides this the organization should make its employees accountable for their actions through appropriate policies, awareness activities, monitoring and sanctions (Chen, 2005). Internet security should thus start with the use of appropriate security technologies. Organizations should look forward to truly secure critical business operations today and therefore companies need to adopt competitive security technologies. This means that security professionals should understand, implement, and operate effectively enhanced security technologies to ensure business continuity in these organizations. The level of vulnerability to organizations increases as the world advances in technology adoption. In this context it is important to ascertain that the need for competitive security technologies is at hand in many organizations. In conclusion, it is important to note that with the looming threat of internet security in the global environment, the challenge now should be to develop internet security solutions which will afford corporations the high level to protection needed to withstand prolonged and diverse attacks (Chen, 2005). Therefore only solutions based on strong comprehensive, holistic internet security management and policy should be implemented in organizations (Chen, 2005).   These measures should ensure that the institution’s information and data is secure despite its internet connectivity. As new technologies continue to evolve in computing the level of threat also increases and therefore this means that the organization should stay updated on its internet security approach.      References Connolly, K. (2003). Law of internet security and privacy 3rd ed.   Los Angeles, CA: Aspen Publishers Online. Chen, W. (2005). Statistical methods in computer security. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Cheswick, W, Bellovin, S Rubin, A (2003). Firewalls and Internet security: repelling the wily hacker. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Addison-Wesley. Evans, N. D (2003). Business innovation and disruptive technology: harnessing the power of breakthrough technology for competitive advantage Boston, MA: FT Press. Great Britain: Parliament: House of Lords: Science and Technology Committee (2007). Personal internet security: 5th report of session 2006-07, Vol. 2: Evidence. Glen Burnie, MD: The Stationery Office. Maiwald, E (2003). Network security: a beginner's guide 2nd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Professional.Vacca, J (2007). Practical Internet security. Chicago, IL: Springer.